Annex A – Wi-Fi Standards, Spectral Allocations and Emissions
The common Wi-Fi standards are summarizedin Table A.1.
| 802.11 Protocol | Release date | Frequency (GHz) | Channel bandwidth (MHz) | Channel number | Data rate per stream (Mbits/s) | Allowable MIMO streams | Modulation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | June 1997 | 2.4 | 20 | 1-14 (2.4 GHz) | 1, 2 | 1 | DSSS, FHSS |
| a | Sept. 1999 | 3.7/5 | 20 | 131-138 (3.7 GHz) 34-165 (5 GHz) | 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 | 1 | OFDM |
| b | Sept. 1999 | 2.4 | 20 | 1-14 (2.4 GHz) | 5.5, 11 | 1 | DSSS |
| g | June 2003 | 2.4 | 20 | 1-14 (2.4 GHz) | 7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, 65, 72.2 | 1 | OFDM, DSSS |
| n | Oct.2009 | 2.4/5 | 40 | 1-14 (2.4 GHz) 34-165 (5 GHz) | 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150 | 4 | OFDM |
Abbreviations: DSSS, direct sequence spread spectrum; FHSS, frequencyhopping spread spectrum; MIMO, multiple input multiple output; OFDM, orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing.
The followingfigures and tables show the spectral emission and channel allocation for 2.4-GHz Wi-Fi(Figure A.1, Figure A.2 and Table A.2) and for 5-GHz Wi-Fi (Figure A.3, TableA.3, Table A.4 and Table A.5).
FigureA.1 – 2.4-GHz spectral emission
Figure A.2 – Spectral emission of Wi-Fi AP2
| Channel | Frequency (MHz) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 2412 |
| 2 | 2417 |
| 3 | 2422 |
| 4 | 2427 |
| 5 | 2432 |
| 6 | 2437 |
| 7 | 2442 |
| 8 | 2447 |
| 9 | 2452 |
| 10 | 2457 |
| 11 | 2462 |
| 12 | 2467 |
| 13 | 2472 |
| 14 | 2484 |
Figure A.3 – Spectral emission of Wi-Fi AP1
| Channel | Frequency (MHz) |
|---|---|
| 34 | 5170 |
| 36 | 5180 |
| 38 | 5190 |
| 40 | 5200 |
| 42 | 5210 |
| 44 | 5220 |
| 46 | 5230 |
| 48 | 5240 |
| 52 | 5260 |
| 56 | 5280 |
| 60 | 5300 |
| 64 | 5320 |
| Channel | Frequency (MHz) |
|---|---|
| 100 | 5500 |
| 104 | 5520 |
| 108 | 5540 |
| 112 | 5560 |
| 116 | 5580 |
| 120 | 5600 |
| 124 | 5620 |
| 128 | 5640 |
| 132 | 5660 |
| 136 | 5680 |
| 140 | 5700 |
| 149 | 5745 |
| 153 | 5765 |
| 157 | 5785 |
| 161 | 5805 |
| 165 | 5825 |
| Channel | Frequency (MHz) |
|---|---|
| 149 | 5745 |
| 153 | 5765 |
| 157 | 5785 |
| 161 | 5805 |
| 165 | 5825 |
Annex B – Near-Fieldand Far-Field Zones
An antenna whose largest dimension is no greater than the wavelength of its operating frequency is referred to as an electrically small antenna.20 The reactive near field of these antennas extend up to the distancegiven below:
Rrnf = λ/2π
where:
Rrnf isthe reactive near field, and
λ is thewavelength of the operating frequency
Rrnf at 2.437 GHz = 0.123/2p = 0.020 m (or 2 cm)
Rrnf at 5.18 GHz = 0.058/2p = 0.009 m (or 0.9 cm)
An antenna whose largest dimension is greater than the wavelength of its operating frequency is referred to as an electrically large antenna.21 The far-field region of this type of antenna extends from 2D2/λ to infinity, where D is the largest dimension of the antenna. In SC6, however, the transition region and the far-field region are considered to be the same, and the far-field region is therefore considered to extend from 0.5 D2/λ to infinity.
Rff = 0.5D2/λ
where:
Rff is the distance fromthe antenna to the boundary between the near field and far field in metres
λ is thewavelength of the operating frequency
D is an electrical dimension in metres
All measurement locations were in the far-fieldzone of both AP1 and AP2 (except for the measurement at 20 cm from AP1).
AnnexC – Uncertainty due to Measurement Equipment
Table C.1 and Table C.2 list the expandeduncertainty of the measurement system (consisting of the Narda SRM 3006 and itselectric field antennas) over its usable frequency range, with a confidencelevel of 95%.
| Frequency range (MHz) | Single axis (dB) | Isotropic measurement (dB) |
|---|---|---|
| 75-900 | +2.4 / –3.4 | +2.4 / –3.3 |
| >900-1400 | +2.3 / –3.1 | +2.4 / –3.3 |
| >1400-1600 | +2.2 / –3.1 | +2.6 / –3.7 |
| >1600-1800 | +1.8 / –2.2 | +2.2 / –3.0 |
| >1800-2200 | +1.8 / –2.2 | +2.4 / –3.3 |
| >2200-2700 | +1.8 / –2.3 | +2.6 / –3.6 |
| >2700-3000 | +1.9 / –2.4 | +3.2 / –5.3 |
| Frequency range (MHz) | Single axis (dB) | Isotropic measurement (dB) |
|---|---|---|
| 420-750 | +2.1 / –2.9 | +2.6 / –3.8 |
| >750-1600 | +2.0 / –2.7 | +2.2 / –2.9 |
| >1600-2000 | +1.7 / –2.2 | +1.9 / –2.4 |
| >2000-4000 | +1.7 / –2.2 | +2.0 / –2.6 |
| >4000-4500 | +1.8 / –2.3 | +2.2 / –3.0 |
| >4500-5000 | +1.9 / –2.5 | +2.2 / –3.0 |
| >5000-5000 | +1.9 / –2.5 | +2.5 / –3.5 |
| >5000-6000 | +1.9 / –2.5 | +2.9 / –4.3 |
AnnexD – Health Canada's Safety Code 6 Limits for Uncontrolled Environment
Industry Canada has adopted Health Canada's RF exposure guideline, Safety Code 6, in its regulation for the protection of the general public. The SC6 limits foruncontrolled environments are listed in Table D.1.
| Frequency (MHz) | Electric field strength, rms (V/m) | Magnetic field strength, rms (A/m) | Power density (W/m2) | Averaging time (min) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.003-1 | 280 | 2.19 | 6 | |
| 1-10 | 280/f | 2.19/f | 6 | |
| 10-30 | 28 | 2.19/f | 6 | |
| 30-300 | 28 | 0.073 | 2a | 6 |
| 300-1500 | 1.585f0.5 | 0.0042 f0.5 | f/150 | 6 |
| 1500-15,000 | 61.4 | 0.163 | 10 | 6 |
| 15,000-150,000 | 61.4 | 0.163 | 10 | 616,000/f1.2 |
| 150,000-300,000 | 0.158 f0.5 | 4.21 × 10–4f0.5 | 6.67 × 10–5f | 616,000/f1.2 |
a Power densitylimit is applicable at frequencies greater than 100 MHz.